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Plasmonic Antennas
Kvapil, Michal ; Brzobohatý, Oto (oponent) ; Novák, Stanislav (oponent) ; Šikola, Tomáš (vedoucí práce)
This doctoral thesis deals with plasmonic antennas. The resonant properties of plasmonic antennas have been studied both theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical calculations have been made using the finite-difference time-domain numerical method in Lumerical FDTD Solutions software. For the experiments, antennas were fabricated by electron beam lithography. Resonant properties of the fabricated antennas have been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thesis is aimed at the investigation of the resonant properties of plasmonic antennas, when situated on a film of nanocrystalline diamond. Also, the application of antennas as a plasmon-based sensor functionalized to streptavidin sensing has been investigated. Finally, an antenna with the shape of the letter V has been introduced. Due to the reduced symmetry of the V-antenna, the incident light of wavelength close to an antenna quadrupole mode is unidirectionally scattered.
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Plasmonic antennas for high wavelengths
Beneš, Adam ; Chvátal, Lukáš (oponent) ; Křápek, Vlastimil (vedoucí práce)
This master's thesis deals with properties of plasmonic antennas for high wavelengths. Resonant properties of individual antennas as well as periodical arrays of the antennas are described. The work utilizes numerical simulations of magnetic field enhancement produced in the near field of antennas. This enhancement might increase a signal of high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (HFEPR). The average enhancement is quantified using antennas of various shapes. The author optimizes the shape of frequently used plasmonic antennas but designs new one as well. A significant part of the thesis also tries to distinguish phenomena that contribute to overall magnetic field enhancement while using double transmission HFEPR measurement setup.
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Směrové plazmonické antény
Formanová, Veronika ; Hrtoň, Martin (oponent) ; Kvapil, Michal (vedoucí práce)
Práce pojednává o směrových plazmonických anténách ve tvaru písmene V. V práci je navrhnut analytický model výpočtu vyzařování těchto antén. Výsledky výpočtu pomocí navrženého modelu jsou srovnány s výsledky numerických simulací v programu Lumerical FDTD Solutions. Dále je v práci popsán proces výroby antén pomocí elektronové litografie a měření optických vlastností fourierovskou infračervenou spektroskopií; jsou zde také ukázána rezonanční spektra antén. Závěrem je navržen experiment pro ověření směrovosti vyzařování těchto V antén.
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Tvorba plazmonických mikro a nanostruktur pomocí elektronové litografie
Babocký, Jiří ; Dvořák, Petr (oponent) ; Kvapil, Michal (vedoucí práce)
Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá výrobou plazmonických antén pomocí elektronové litografie. V první části jsou shrnuty informace o technologiích použitelných pro tvorbu kovových nano a mikrostruktur na křemíkovém a skleněném substrátu. V další části je popsána metoda elektronové litografie a technologie, které jsou pro ni používány. V závěrečné části jsou popsány provedené experimenty a vytvořen empirický model popisující závislost velikosti vyrobených struktur na parametrech litografie.
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Electron microscopy and spectroscopy in plasmonics
Horák, Michal ; Krenn, Joachim (oponent) ; Shegai, Timur (oponent) ; Šikola, Tomáš (vedoucí práce)
This thesis deals with electron and ion beam techniques for fabrication and characterization of plasmonic nanostructures. Analytical electron microscopy focusing on applications in the field of plasmonics is discussed. The emphasis is given to electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and cathodoluminescence. Further, fabrication of plasmonic samples for transmission electron microscopy is introduced while the aim is put at focused ion beam lithography and at sample preparation using chemically synthesized particles in water solution. The main research results are divided into four parts. The first part covers a comparative study of plasmonic antennas fabricated by electron beam and focused ion beam lithography. While both techniques are suitable for the fabrication of plasmonic antennas, electron beam lithography shall be prioritized over focused ion beam lithography due to better quality of the resulting antennas and considerably stronger plasmonic response in EELS. Antennas fabricated by focused ion beam lithography have slightly dull edges, exhibit pronounced thickness fluctuation, and they are also strongly contaminated not only by organic contaminants, but also by residues of FIB milling including implanted milling ions and atoms of a titanium adhesion layer. In the second part, Babinet's principle of complementarity for plasmonic nanostructures is investigated on a set of gold disc-shaped antennas and complementary apertures in a gold layer with various diameters. The complementarity is confirmed for fundamental plasmon properties such as resonance energies, but differences rising from the limited validity of Babinet's principle are found, for example, for the spatial distribution of the near-field of plasmon polaritons. The third part summarizes a study of nanostructures with functional properties related to the local enhancement of electric and magnetic field. Bow-tie and diabolo plasmonic antennas, both in the form of particles and in the form of apertures, exhibit particularly strong local field enhancement. Our study identifies several modes of localized surface plasmons in these antennas and characterizes their properties including mode energy, near field electric and magnetic field distribution, and the qualitative distribution of charge nodes and current associated with electron gas oscillations. Next, we have studied mode energy tunability in near infrared and visible spectral regions and focused on Babinet's complementarity between direct and inverted antennas. The last part is focused on silver amalgam, which is a novel and very prospective plasmonic material. By changing the size of silver amalgam nanostructures their plasmon resonance can be tuned from ultraviolet through the whole visible to infrared region. As silver amalgam is well investigated in the field of electrochemistry, silver amalgam nanoparticles opens a possibility to combine plasmonics and electrochemistry together.
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Příprava plazmonických antén pro analytickou transmisní elektronovou mikroskopii pomocí iontové litografie
Foltýn, Michael ; Kejík, Lukáš (oponent) ; Horák, Michal (vedoucí práce)
Tato experimentálně zaměřená bakalářská práce se zabývá naprašováním zlatých vrstev a výrobou plazmonických antén metodou iontové litografie. Optimalizoval jsem proces naprašování zlatých vrstev metodou depozice za pomoci iontového svazku. Dále jsem optimalizoval proces výroby plazmonických antén za použití iontové litografie. Naprašoval jsem zlaté vrstvy o tloušťkách 20, 30 a 40 nm různými depozičními rychlostmi. Jako nejlepší se z hlediska velikosti zrn projevila vrstva deponovaná rychlostí 2 /s. Z hlediska krystalografického složení však byly nejlepší vrstvy deponované rychlostmi 0,2 a 3 /s. Vyráběl jsem tři typy antén, tyčinkovité anténky o délkách 240 nm a šířkách 40 a 80 nm a dále motýlkovité anténky (bowtie) s 20 nm mezerou mezi křidélky antény. Optimalizoval jsem parametry odprašování pro jednotlivé tloušťky vrstev a depoziční rychlosti, kterými byly vytvořeny. Největší počet dobrých antén byl dosažen u vrstev tlustých 20 a 40 nm. Pro výrobu bowtie antén je nejlepší použít vrstvy libovolné tloušťky v testovaném intervalu deponované rychlostí 3 /s. Zjistil jsem, že pro vrstvy deponované rychlostí 2 /s vznikalo při iontové litografii velké množství redepozitu, který tak mohou při vhodném postupu zajistit optimální rozměry plazmonických antén alespoň v jedné ose.
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Příprava plazmonických antén pro analytickou transmisní elektronovou mikroskopii pomocí iontové litografie
Foltýn, Michael ; Kejík, Lukáš (oponent) ; Horák, Michal (vedoucí práce)
Tato experimentálně zaměřená bakalářská práce se zabývá naprašováním zlatých vrstev a výrobou plazmonických antén metodou iontové litografie. Optimalizoval jsem proces naprašování zlatých vrstev metodou depozice za pomoci iontového svazku. Dále jsem optimalizoval proces výroby plazmonických antén za použití iontové litografie. Naprašoval jsem zlaté vrstvy o tloušťkách 20, 30 a 40 nm různými depozičními rychlostmi. Jako nejlepší se z hlediska velikosti zrn projevila vrstva deponovaná rychlostí 2 /s. Z hlediska krystalografického složení však byly nejlepší vrstvy deponované rychlostmi 0,2 a 3 /s. Vyráběl jsem tři typy antén, tyčinkovité anténky o délkách 240 nm a šířkách 40 a 80 nm a dále motýlkovité anténky (bowtie) s 20 nm mezerou mezi křidélky antény. Optimalizoval jsem parametry odprašování pro jednotlivé tloušťky vrstev a depoziční rychlosti, kterými byly vytvořeny. Největší počet dobrých antén byl dosažen u vrstev tlustých 20 a 40 nm. Pro výrobu bowtie antén je nejlepší použít vrstvy libovolné tloušťky v testovaném intervalu deponované rychlostí 3 /s. Zjistil jsem, že pro vrstvy deponované rychlostí 2 /s vznikalo při iontové litografii velké množství redepozitu, který tak mohou při vhodném postupu zajistit optimální rozměry plazmonických antén alespoň v jedné ose.
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Plasmonic antennas for high wavelengths
Beneš, Adam ; Chvátal, Lukáš (oponent) ; Křápek, Vlastimil (vedoucí práce)
This master's thesis deals with properties of plasmonic antennas for high wavelengths. Resonant properties of individual antennas as well as periodical arrays of the antennas are described. The work utilizes numerical simulations of magnetic field enhancement produced in the near field of antennas. This enhancement might increase a signal of high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (HFEPR). The average enhancement is quantified using antennas of various shapes. The author optimizes the shape of frequently used plasmonic antennas but designs new one as well. A significant part of the thesis also tries to distinguish phenomena that contribute to overall magnetic field enhancement while using double transmission HFEPR measurement setup.
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Electron microscopy and spectroscopy in plasmonics
Horák, Michal ; Krenn, Joachim (oponent) ; Shegai, Timur (oponent) ; Šikola, Tomáš (vedoucí práce)
This thesis deals with electron and ion beam techniques for fabrication and characterization of plasmonic nanostructures. Analytical electron microscopy focusing on applications in the field of plasmonics is discussed. The emphasis is given to electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and cathodoluminescence. Further, fabrication of plasmonic samples for transmission electron microscopy is introduced while the aim is put at focused ion beam lithography and at sample preparation using chemically synthesized particles in water solution. The main research results are divided into four parts. The first part covers a comparative study of plasmonic antennas fabricated by electron beam and focused ion beam lithography. While both techniques are suitable for the fabrication of plasmonic antennas, electron beam lithography shall be prioritized over focused ion beam lithography due to better quality of the resulting antennas and considerably stronger plasmonic response in EELS. Antennas fabricated by focused ion beam lithography have slightly dull edges, exhibit pronounced thickness fluctuation, and they are also strongly contaminated not only by organic contaminants, but also by residues of FIB milling including implanted milling ions and atoms of a titanium adhesion layer. In the second part, Babinet's principle of complementarity for plasmonic nanostructures is investigated on a set of gold disc-shaped antennas and complementary apertures in a gold layer with various diameters. The complementarity is confirmed for fundamental plasmon properties such as resonance energies, but differences rising from the limited validity of Babinet's principle are found, for example, for the spatial distribution of the near-field of plasmon polaritons. The third part summarizes a study of nanostructures with functional properties related to the local enhancement of electric and magnetic field. Bow-tie and diabolo plasmonic antennas, both in the form of particles and in the form of apertures, exhibit particularly strong local field enhancement. Our study identifies several modes of localized surface plasmons in these antennas and characterizes their properties including mode energy, near field electric and magnetic field distribution, and the qualitative distribution of charge nodes and current associated with electron gas oscillations. Next, we have studied mode energy tunability in near infrared and visible spectral regions and focused on Babinet's complementarity between direct and inverted antennas. The last part is focused on silver amalgam, which is a novel and very prospective plasmonic material. By changing the size of silver amalgam nanostructures their plasmon resonance can be tuned from ultraviolet through the whole visible to infrared region. As silver amalgam is well investigated in the field of electrochemistry, silver amalgam nanoparticles opens a possibility to combine plasmonics and electrochemistry together.
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Plasmonic Antennas
Kvapil, Michal ; Brzobohatý, Oto (oponent) ; Novák, Stanislav (oponent) ; Šikola, Tomáš (vedoucí práce)
This doctoral thesis deals with plasmonic antennas. The resonant properties of plasmonic antennas have been studied both theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical calculations have been made using the finite-difference time-domain numerical method in Lumerical FDTD Solutions software. For the experiments, antennas were fabricated by electron beam lithography. Resonant properties of the fabricated antennas have been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thesis is aimed at the investigation of the resonant properties of plasmonic antennas, when situated on a film of nanocrystalline diamond. Also, the application of antennas as a plasmon-based sensor functionalized to streptavidin sensing has been investigated. Finally, an antenna with the shape of the letter V has been introduced. Due to the reduced symmetry of the V-antenna, the incident light of wavelength close to an antenna quadrupole mode is unidirectionally scattered.
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